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GATE Humanities and Social Sciences Syllabus 2027: Complete XH Syllabus and Topics

Exam Competition News Desk September 13, 2026 · 13 min read · 23 views

GATE Humanities and Social Sciences Syllabus 2027

The GATE Humanities and Social Sciences (XH) paper is designed for candidates interested in postgraduate and doctoral opportunities in humanities and social science disciplines. The official IIT Madras syllabus contains a compulsory XH0: Reasoning and Comprehension section and six optional subject sections.

Every XH candidate must attempt the common Reasoning and Comprehension section and select one optional section at the time of application. The available optional subjects are Economics, English, Linguistics, Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology.

Official GATE XH Syllabus PDF: Download the official Humanities and Social Sciences syllabus

GATE XH Syllabus at a Glance

Code	Section	Status	Major Areas
XH0	Reasoning and Comprehension	Common for all XH candidates	Reading Comprehension, Expression, Analytical Reasoning and Logical Reasoning
XH1	Economics	Optional	Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Statistics and Econometrics, International Economics, Public Economics, Development Economics and Indian Economy
XH2	English	Optional	Literary Forms, History of English Literature, Comparative and World Literatures, Critical Theories and Contemporary Literary Cultures
XH3	Linguistics	Optional	Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Typology, Research Methods and Applied Linguistics
XH4	Philosophy	Optional	Classical Indian Philosophy, Contemporary Indian Philosophy, Western Philosophy, Ethics, Social and Political Philosophy and Logic
XH5	Psychology	Optional	Research Methods, Psychometrics, Biological Basis of Behaviour, Cognition, Personality, Social Psychology, Development, Clinical Psychology and Applications
XH6	Sociology	Optional	Sociological Theory, Research Methodology, Sociological Concepts, Agrarian Sociology, Family, Indian Society, Social Movements and Sociology of Development

GATE XH Exam Pattern

The GATE XH paper carries 100 marks and has a duration of 180 minutes. General Aptitude contributes 15 marks. The XH paper then contains 25 marks from the common Reasoning and Comprehension section and 60 marks from the optional subject selected by the candidate.

Component	Marks
General Aptitude	15
XH0: Reasoning and Comprehension	25
One Selected Optional Section	60
Total	100
Examination Duration	180 minutes

Important: Candidates select their XH optional subject at the time of application. The available choices are Economics, English, Linguistics, Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology.

XH0: Reasoning and Comprehension

Reasoning and Comprehension is common to every candidate appearing for the XH paper. According to the official syllabus, this section focuses on the ability to comprehend and interpret written information and on critical reasoning rather than directly testing grammar or vocabulary.

Section	What Candidates Need to Prepare
XH0.1 Reading Comprehension	Understanding complex language material in short paragraphs and answering questions based on the passage
XH0.2 Expression	Stylistic and rhetorical aspects of short passages, including correction or modification of sentences
XH0.3 Analytical Reasoning	Understanding relationships in statements or short passages and drawing reasonable conclusions or inferences
XH0.4 Logical Reasoning	Critical evaluation and prediction of arguments, identification of main and supporting arguments, and prediction of outcomes

XH1: Economics

Economics is one of the six optional sections available to XH candidates. The official syllabus is broad and includes microeconomics, macroeconomics, statistics and econometrics, international economics, public economics, development economics and the Indian economy.

XH1.1: Microeconomics

Theory of consumer behaviour
Cardinal and ordinal approaches
Consumer preferences and utility functions
Marshallian and Hicksian demand functions
Duality theorem
Slutsky equation and comparative statics
Homogeneous and homothetic utility functions
Euler theorem
Revealed preference theory
Theory of production and costs
Market equilibrium and stability
Cobweb model
Decision making under uncertainty and risk
Asymmetric information
Adverse selection and moral hazard
Agency costs
Search theory
Non-cooperative games
Bayesian Nash equilibrium
Subgame perfect Nash equilibrium
Perfect Bayesian equilibrium
Market structures
Factor pricing
General equilibrium
Welfare economics
Pareto optimality

XH1.2: Macroeconomics

Area	Major Topics
National Income	National income accounting, closed economy concepts and open economy issues
Output and Employment	Classical and Keynesian frameworks
Consumption	Absolute income, relative income, life cycle, permanent income and random walk models
Investment	Investment function specifications, neoclassical theory and Tobin related approaches
Stabilization	Keynesian stabilization policies, multipliers and investment accelerator
Money	Demand and supply of money, money multiplier, liquidity preference and liquidity trap
Monetary Policy	Central banking, policy instruments, prudential regulation and quantitative easing
Financial System	Commercial banking, non-banking financial institutions and capital markets
Inflation	Theories of inflation and expectations augmented Phillips curve
Business Cycles	Real business cycles, adaptive expectations and rational expectations
Macro Models	IS-LM model, Mundell-Fleming model and the impossible trinity

XH1.3: Statistics, Econometrics and Mathematical Economics

Basic probability theory
Discrete and continuous probability distributions
Central limit theorem
Index numbers and construction of price indices
Sampling methods and sampling distributions
Estimation and hypothesis testing
Simple linear regression
Gauss-Markov theorem
Multiple regression
Heteroscedasticity
Multicollinearity
Autocorrelation
Dummy variable regression
Simultaneous equation models
Identification problem
Time series analysis
Non-stationarity and spurious regression
AR, MA and ARMA models
Cointegration and error correction
Causality and VAR
Differential calculus and applications
Matrices and linear algebra
Cramer rule
Static optimization
Input-output model
Linear programming
Difference and differential equations

XH1.4: International Economics

Theories of international trade
Trade under imperfect competition
Gains from trade
Terms of trade
Trade multiplier
Tariff and non-tariff barriers
Dumping and anti-dumping policies
GATT and WTO
Regional trade blocks
Balance of payments
Foreign exchange markets and arbitrage
Exchange rate determination
IMF and World Bank

XH1.5: Public Economics

Market failure and remedial measures
Asymmetric information
Public goods and externalities
Market regulation
Public revenue
Direct and indirect taxation
Progressive and non-progressive taxation
Tax incidence
Public expenditure
Public debt and debt management
Public budget and budget multiplier
Fiscal policy
Environment as a public good
Coase theorem
Cost-benefit analysis

XH1.6: Development Economics

Theories of economic development
Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, J. Schumpeter and W. Rostow
Balanced and unbalanced growth
Big Push approach
Human Development Index
Sustainable Development Goals and Millennium Development Goals
Poverty and inequality
Health and education
Gender, fertility, morbidity and mortality
Migration and child labour
Age structure and demographic dividend
Harrod-Domar model
Solow model
Ramsey model
Endogenous growth models

XH1.7: Indian Economy

Area	Topics
Economic Growth	Pattern and structure of economic growth in India
Sectors	Agriculture, industry and services and their major challenges
Development	Rural and urban development
Foreign Capital	Flow of foreign capital and trade policies
Infrastructure	Physical and social infrastructure and public-private partnerships
Economic Reforms	Land, labour and capital market reforms
Social Issues	Poverty, inequality and unemployment
Monetary Policy	Functioning of monetary policy in India
Fiscal Policy	Receipts, expenditure, GST, growth and equity
Fiscal Federalism	Centre-State financial relations and Finance Commissions
Deficits and Debt	Sustainability of deficits and debt and FRBM Act 2003
External Sector	Balance of payments, trade composition, export competitiveness and exchange rate policy

XH2: English

XH2.1: Literary Forms, Genres and Modes of Expression

Poetry
Drama
Fiction including novels and short stories
Graphic narratives
Creative non-fiction
Non-fiction prose
Literary genres and subgenres
Aesthetic and rhetorical strategies
Narrative and poetic techniques
Figures of speech

XH2.2: History of English Literature and Literary Studies

English literary traditions from Chaucer to contemporary literature
British literature
American literature
Canadian literature
Postcolonial literatures
Political, social and intellectual movements and literature
Literature and sociology
Literature and psychology
Literature and philosophy
Environmental and allied literary studies

XH2.3: Comparative and World Literatures in English Translation

Literatures in English translation
Indian and Global South literatures
Cross-cultural exchange
Comparative literature
Intertextuality
Adaptation
Cosmopolitanism
Multilingualism
Translation studies
Politics of language

XH2.4: Critical Theories and Intellectual Traditions

Area	Major Topics
Critical Paradigms	Structuralism, Marxism, Feminism, Existentialism and Poststructuralism
Modern and Contemporary Thought	Modernism, Postmodernism, New Historicism, Postcolonialism and Posthumanism
Interdisciplinary Fields	Cultural Studies, Film and Media Studies, Memory and Trauma Studies
Specialized Fields	Dalit and Subaltern Studies, Environmental Humanities, Medical Humanities and Digital Humanities
Indian Aesthetics	Rasa, Dhvani, Vakrokti, Alamkara, Riti and Aucitya

XH2.5: Contemporary Literary Cultures and Research Methodologies

Major literary awards and prizes
Literary festivals
Literary associations and networks
Archival research
Ethnographic methods
Textual analysis
Discourse analysis
AI-assisted and multimodal approaches
Research arguments
Academic integrity and plagiarism
Citation ethics and scholarly discourse

XH3: Linguistics

XH3.1: Language and Linguistics

Language in spoken, written and signed forms
Description and prescription
Language and culture
Language and personal or social identity
Linguistic determinism and relativity
Scientific study of language
Design features of language
Creativity and productivity
Competence and performance
European, American and Indian grammatical traditions

XH3.2: Levels of Grammatical Analysis

Area	Major Topics
Phonetics and Phonology	Speech production, perception, articulation, phonation, acoustic properties, IPA, phonemes, allophones, tonal and suprasegmental processes, distinctive features and modern phonological theories
Morphology	Morphemes, allomorphs, word formation, inflection, derivation, lexical ambiguity, mental lexicon and modern morphology theories
Syntax	Words, phrases, clauses, phrase structure rules, X-bar theory, theta theory, case theory, binding, argument structure, valency and major syntactic theories
Semantics	Compositionality, truth conditions, propositions, quantifiers, lexical semantics, entailment and contradiction
Pragmatics	Speech acts, Gricean maxims, implicatures, presuppositions, deixis, indexicality and discourse analysis

XH3.3 to XH3.7

Historical Linguistics: sound laws, grammaticalization, semantic change, reconstruction and language contact
Sociolinguistics: language variation, dialects, migration, pidgins, creoles, bilingualism, multilingualism and language policy
Typology and Universals: structural and genetic classification, language universals and South Asian languages
Methods of Analysis: fieldwork, experiments, elicitation, sampling, quantitative and qualitative analysis, ethics and corpora
Applied Linguistics: psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, LLMs, second language acquisition, language teaching and clinical linguistics

XH4: Philosophy

XH4.1: Classical Indian Philosophy

The Classical Indian Philosophy section covers orthodox and heterodox traditions as well as philosophical traditions associated with the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Dharmaśāstras and various Shaiva, Shakta and Vaishnava schools.

Tradition	Major Topics
Sankhya	Purusha, Prakriti, Gunas, Satkaryavada, Moksha, Pramanas and theory of error
Yoga	Pramanas, theory of error, Ishvara, Citta, Klesha, Ashtanga-yoga and Kaivalya
Nyaya	Pramanas, Hetvabhasa, Ishvara, Asatkaryavada, theory of error and Navya-Nyaya
Vaisesika	Padarthas and theory of atomism
Mimamsa	Dharma, Apurva, Moksha, Pramanas and theory of error
Vedanta	Advaita, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, Dvaitadvaita, Shuddhadvaita and theories of Pramana
Carvaka	Pramana, Indian materialism and Hedonism
Jainism	Pramanas, Syadvada, Anekantavada, categories, Jiva, Ajiva and Moksha
Buddhism	Major Buddhist schools, momentariness, dependent origination, Pramanas, two truths, Trikaya and Bodhisattva ideal
Other Indian Traditions	Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Dharma, Purushartha, Karma-yoga, Kashmir Shaivism, Shaivasiddhanta, Virashaivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism

XH4.2: Contemporary Indian Philosophy

Swami Vivekananda: Practical Vedanta and philosophy of religion
Sri Aurobindo: Evolution, mind, supermind and Integral Yoga
Iqbal: Self, God, Man and Superman
Rabindranath Tagore: Religion of Man, education and nationalism
K. C. Bhattacharyya: Swaraj in ideas and freedom
Radhakrishnan: Intellect, intuition and universal religion
J. Krishnamurti: Thought, freedom and self
Gandhi: Truth, non-violence, Satyagraha, Swaraj and critique of modern civilization
Ambedkar: Constitution, untouchability and democracy
Daya Krishna: Three myths about Indian philosophy

XH4.3: Classical and Modern Western Philosophy

This section covers major Western philosophical traditions in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, social and political philosophy, and logic. Important thinkers and traditions include the Pre-Socratics, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Hegel and the Gettier problem.

Ethics and Applied Philosophy

Egoism and altruism
Universalism and subjectivism
Cultural relativism
Ethical realism and anti-realism
Cognitivism and non-cognitivism
Good, right, justice, duty and obligation
Kantian ethics
Utilitarianism
Care ethics
Theories of punishment
Professional ethics and corporate social responsibility
Environmental ethics
Bioethics

Social and Political Philosophy

Plato and Aristotle on justice and the state
Classical liberalism
Social contract theory
Marx and critique of capitalism
Rawls and principles of justice
Libertarianism
Feminist political theory
Multiculturalism
Capability approach

Logic

Truth and validity
Categorical syllogism
Laws of thought
Square of opposition
Truth functions
Propositional logic
Quantification and rules of quantification
Symbolic logic
Truth tables
Deductive and inductive logic
Causality and Mill method

XH4.4: Contemporary Western Philosophy

Frege: sense and reference
Logical positivism and verification theory
Moore and common-sense philosophy
Russell and logical atomism
Wittgenstein on language and reality
Gilbert Ryle and Cartesian dualism
Quine and the critique of empiricism
Strawson and the concept of person
Husserl and phenomenology
Heidegger and Being
Sartre and freedom
Merleau-Ponty and embodied consciousness
William James and pragmatism
John Dewey and pragmatism
Nietzsche and critique of Enlightenment
Richard Rorty and representationalism
Habermas and communicative rationality

XH5: Psychology

XH5.1: Research Methods and Statistics

Philosophical worldviews and research approaches
Quantitative, qualitative and mixed-method research
Research problems and purpose statements
Variables and operational definitions
Hypotheses and sampling
Interviews and surveys
Observation and experiments
Quasi-experiments and field studies
Focus groups, narratives, case studies and ethnography
Research ethics
Measures of central tendency and dispersion
Normal probability curve
Parametric and non-parametric tests
Effect size and power analysis
Correlation and regression
Factor analysis
ANOVA, MANOVA and ANCOVA

XH5.2 to XH5.4

Section	Major Topics
Psychometrics	Psychological measurement, scales, item construction, intelligence and aptitude tests, personality questionnaires, reliability, validity, norms and applications of psychological testing
Biological and Evolutionary Basis of Behaviour	Heredity, evolution, nervous system, brain structures, neurons, neurotransmitters, lateralization, endocrine system, motivation, emotion, memory, physiological methods, genetics and behaviour
Perception, Learning, Memory and Forgetting	Sensation, thresholds, sensory adaptation, perception, Gestalt principles, learning theories, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, cognitive learning, memory and forgetting

XH5.5 to XH5.11

Cognition: thinking, concepts, propositions, imagery, cognitive approaches, problem solving, decision making, intelligence and emotional intelligence
Personality: psychoanalytic, behaviourist, social, cognitive, humanistic, trait and type theories, biological basis and assessment
Motivation, Emotion and Stress: motivation theories, aggression, curiosity, emotions, stressors, general adaptation syndrome and coping
Social Psychology: attribution, impression formation, conformity, compliance, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, cognitive dissonance, prejudice, aggression, power and group dynamics
Development Across the Life Span: nature versus nurture, prenatal development, physical, cognitive and psychosocial development, moral development and aging
Clinical Psychology and Organizational Behavior: psychological disorders, diagnosis, psychotherapy, organizational culture, diversity, leadership, power, politics and performance management
Applications of Psychology: education, counselling, school guidance, group dynamics, organizational settings, personal space, crowding, territoriality, mental health and wellbeing

XH6: Sociology

XH6.1: Sociological Theory

Tradition or Thinker	Major Topics
Emile Durkheim	Social solidarity, social facts, religion, functionalism, suicide, anomie, division of labour and law
Max Weber	Types of authority, social action, Protestant ethic, bureaucracy, ideal type and methodology
Karl Marx	Class, class conflict, dialectical and historical materialism, capitalism, surplus value and alienation
Structural Functionalism	Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, Parsons, AGIL, systems approach and Merton
Structuralism	Claude Levi-Strauss, myths and structuralism
Interpretative Traditions	Mead, Schutz, Garfinkel, Goffman and Geertz
Recent Theory	Postmodernism, post-structuralism, Bourdieu, Foucault, Habermas, Giddens and Frankfurt School
Conflict Theory	Dahrendorf, Coser and Althusser
Indian Thinkers	M. K. Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, Radha Kamal Mukherjee, G. S. Ghurye, M. N. Srinivas, Irawati Karve, A. R. Desai and Andre Beteille

XH6.2: Research Methodology and Methods

Philosophy of science
Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn
Scientific method and epistemology in social science
Hermeneutic traditions
Etic and emic approaches
Inductive and deductive methods
Objectivity and reflexivity
Research ethics and politics
Research design
Hypotheses, research questions and objectives
Ethnography
Survey method
Historical and comparative methods
Statistical methods
Sampling, questionnaires and schedules
Observation, interviews and case studies
Data interpretation and report writing

XH6.3: Sociological Concepts

Area	Topics
Social Structure	Culture, networks, status, role, identity, community, socialization and diaspora
Norms and Values	Values, norms, rules, personhood, habitus and agency
Power and Authority	Bureaucracy, power, authority, self and society
Social Institutions	Marriage, family, kinship, economy, polity, religion, education, law and customs
Stratification	Social difference, hierarchy, inequality, marginalization, caste, class, gender, sexuality, disability, race, tribe and ethnicity
Social Change	Evolution, diffusion, modernization, development, globalization and social mobility

XH6.4: Agrarian Sociology and Rural Transformation

Rural and peasant society
Caste-tribe distinction and continuum
Agrarian social structure
Land ownership and agrarian relations
Decline of agrarian economy
De-peasantization and agrarian change
Agrarian unrest and peasant movements
Feudalism and mode of production debate
Land reforms
Panchayati Raj
Rural development programmes
Green Revolution and agricultural change
Peasant and farmer movements

XH6.5: Family, Marriage and Kinship

Structural-functionalist, alliance and cultural approaches
Gender relations and power dynamics
Inheritance, succession and authority
Gender, sexuality and reproduction
Children, youth and elderly
Emotions and family
Emergent forms of family
Changing marriage practices
Changing care and support systems
Family laws
Domestic violence and crime against women
Honour killing

XH6.6: Indian Society and Sociology of India

Colonial, nationalist and Indological perspectives
G. S. Ghurye and the study of Indian society
Structural-functional approach and M. N. Srinivas
Dialectical approach and A. R. Desai
Subaltern studies and R. Guha
Non-Brahmin perspectives including Phule and B. R. Ambedkar
Feminist perspectives including Leela Dube and Sharmila Rege
Family, kinship and household
Village and urban settings
Caste, class, tribe and gender
Tradition and modernity
Peasants and agrarian sociology
Social movements
Communalism and secularism

XH6.7: Social Movements

Area	Topics
Basic Concepts	Nature, definitions and characteristics of social movements
Types	Reform, rebellion, revival, revolution, insurrection and counter movements
Theories	Structural-functional, Marxist, resource mobilization and new social movement theories
Indian Movements	Peasant, labour, Dalit, women and environmental movements
Globalization	Social movements, state, civil society, globalization and citizenship

XH6.8: Sociology of Development

Definitions and indices of development
Liberal modernization theory
Marxist perspectives
Dependency theory
World systems theory
Micro-politics of development
Knowledge and power in development
Subaltern movements
Post-colonial development
Decentralization and devolution
Participatory approaches
Post-development perspectives
Alternative development paradigms
Feminist critique
Human development
Development-induced dispossession

Which XH Optional Subject Should You Choose?

The optional section contributes 60 marks, so selecting the right subject is an important part of XH preparation. Candidates should compare the official syllabus with their academic background, previous preparation and intended postgraduate programme.

Optional Paper	Major Focus	Best Suited For
XH1 Economics	Economic theory, econometrics, development and Indian economy	Economics and related social science backgrounds
XH2 English	Literature, literary history, criticism and research methods	English literature and humanities backgrounds
XH3 Linguistics	Language structure, society, history, typology and applied linguistics	Linguistics, language studies and related backgrounds
XH4 Philosophy	Indian philosophy, Western philosophy, ethics, political philosophy and logic	Philosophy and humanities backgrounds
XH5 Psychology	Research methods, cognition, behaviour, personality, social psychology and clinical psychology	Psychology and behavioural science backgrounds
XH6 Sociology	Sociological theory, Indian society, research methods, social movements and development	Sociology and related social science backgrounds

How to Prepare for GATE Humanities and Social Sciences

XH preparation should begin with the compulsory Reasoning and Comprehension section. Candidates should practise reading dense passages and identifying the central argument, supporting arguments, relationships between statements, implications and reasonable conclusions.

The optional subject should then be prepared systematically according to the official syllabus. Candidates should avoid preparing the entire six-subject XH syllabus because only one optional section is selected for the examination.

For Economics, candidates should combine conceptual preparation with numerical and analytical practice in statistics, econometrics and mathematical economics. English candidates should study literary forms, literary history, critical theories and comparative literature together with research methodology.

Linguistics candidates should give particular attention to the structure of language, phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. Philosophy candidates should organize preparation around Indian philosophy, Western philosophy, ethics, political philosophy and logic.

Psychology candidates should cover research methods and statistics alongside the major areas of behaviour, cognition, personality, development, social psychology and clinical psychology. Sociology candidates should build strong conceptual understanding of classical and contemporary sociological theory, research methodology, Indian society, social movements and development.

Candidates should make concise revision notes, practise previous GATE questions where available, and use timed mock tests to improve accuracy and reading speed. The common reasoning section should also be practised regularly rather than being left for the final stage of preparation.

GATE XH Syllabus PDF

The official IIT Madras combined syllabus PDF contains XH0 Reasoning and Comprehension and all six optional Humanities and Social Sciences sections. Candidates should use the official PDF as the primary reference while preparing for the examination.

Download GATE Humanities and Social Sciences Syllabus PDF

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the GATE XH paper?

XH is the GATE test paper for Humanities and Social Sciences.

What is the common section in GATE XH?

XH0, Reasoning and Comprehension, is the common section for all XH candidates. It covers Reading Comprehension, Expression, Analytical Reasoning and Logical Reasoning.

How many optional subjects are available in GATE XH?

There are six optional subjects: Economics, English, Linguistics, Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology.

How many optional subjects do I choose in GATE XH?

Candidates select one optional section at the time of application.

How many marks is the GATE XH paper?

The XH paper carries 100 marks: 15 marks for General Aptitude, 25 marks for XH0 Reasoning and Comprehension, and 60 marks for the selected optional subject.

Is Reasoning and Comprehension compulsory in GATE XH?

Yes. XH0 Reasoning and Comprehension is common to all XH candidates and carries 25 marks.

Does GATE XH include Economics?

Yes. Economics is available as the XH1 optional section and includes microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics, international economics, public economics, development economics and Indian economy.

Does GATE XH include Psychology and Sociology?

Yes. Psychology is XH5 and Sociology is XH6. Both are available as optional sections.

What is the duration of the GATE XH examination?

The GATE XH examination has a duration of 180 minutes and carries a total of 100 marks.

When do candidates select the XH optional subject?

According to the official GATE 2027 pattern, the XH optional section is selected at the time of application.

Note: This post is based on the official GATE 2027 Humanities and Social Sciences syllabus published by IIT Madras. Candidates should check the official GATE website for any subsequent updates or amendments.

Source: IIT Madras

GATE 2027 GATE XH GATE Humanities and Social Sciences GATE XH Syllabus Humanities and Social Sciences Reasoning and Comprehension GATE Economics GATE English GATE Linguistics GATE Philosophy GATE Psychology GATE Sociology

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